Apache Tomcat 9

• Introduction
• Windows
• Unix daemon

There are several ways to set up Tomcat for running on different platforms. The main documentation for this is a file called RUNNING.txt. We encourage you to refer to that file if the information below does not answer some of your questions.

Installing Tomcat on Windows can be done easily using the Windows installer. Its interface and functionality is similar to other wizard based installers, with only a few items of interest.

• Installation as a service: Tomcat will be installed as a Windows service no matter what setting is selected. Using the checkbox on the component page sets the service as "auto" startup, so that Tomcat is automatically started when Windows starts. For optimal security, the service should be run as a separate user, with reduced permissions (see the Windows Services administration tool and its documentation).
• Java location: The installer will provide a default JRE to use to run the service. The installer uses the registry to determine the base path of a Java 8 or later JRE, including the JRE installed as part of the full JDK. When running on a 64-bit operating system, the installer will first look for a 64-bit JRE and only look for a 32-bit JRE if a 64-bit JRE is not found. If a JRE cannot be found when running on a 64-bit operating system, the installer will look for a 64-bit JDK. Finally, if a JRE or JDK has not been found, the installer will try to use the JAVA_HOME environment variable. It is not mandatory to use the default JRE detected by the installer. Any installed Java 8 or later JRE (32-bit or 64-bit) may be used.
• Tray icon: When Tomcat is run as a service, there will not be any tray icon present when Tomcat is running. Note that when choosing to run Tomcat at the end of installation, the tray icon will be used even if Tomcat was installed as a service.
• Defaults: The defaults used by the installer may be overridden by use of the /C=<config file> command line argument. The configuration file uses the format name=value with each pair on a separate line. The names of the available configuration options are:
  • JavaHome
  • TomcatPortShutdown
  • TomcatPortHttp
  • TomcatMenuEntriesEnable
  • TomcatShortcutAllUsers
  • TomcatServiceDefaultName
  • TomcatServiceName
  • TomcatServiceFileName
  • TomcatServiceManagerFileName
  • TomcatAdminEnable
  • TomcatAdminUsername
  • TomcatAdminPassword
  • TomcatAdminRoles
  By using /C=... along with /S and /D= it is possible to perform fully configured unattended installs of Apache Tomcat.
• Refer to the Windows Service How-To for information on how to manage Tomcat as a Windows service.

The installer will create shortcuts allowing starting and configuring Tomcat. It is important to note that the Tomcat administration web application can only be used when Tomcat is running.

Tomcat can be run as a daemon using the jsvc tool from the commons-daemon project. Source tarballs for jsvc are included with the Tomcat binaries, and need to be compiled. Building jsvc requires a C ANSI compiler (such as GCC), GNU Autoconf, and a JDK.

Before running the script, the JAVA_HOME environment variable should be set to the base path of the JDK. Alternately, when calling the ./configure script, the path of the JDK may be specified using the --with-java parameter, such as ./configure --with-java=/usr/java.

Using the following commands should result in a compiled jsvc binary, located in the $CATALINA_HOME/bin folder. This assumes that GNU TAR is used, and that CATALINA_HOME is an environment variable pointing to the base path of the Tomcat installation.

Please note that you should use the GNU make (gmake) instead of the native BSD make on FreeBSD systems.

cd $CATALINA_HOME/bin
tar xvfz commons-daemon-native.tar.gz
cd commons-daemon-1.1.x-native-src/unix
./configure
make
cp jsvc ../..
cd ../..

Tomcat can then be run as a daemon using the following commands.

CATALINA_BASE=$CATALINA_HOME
cd $CATALINA_HOME
./bin/jsvc \
    -classpath $CATALINA_HOME/bin/bootstrap.jar:$CATALINA_HOME/bin/tomcat-juli.jar \
    -outfile $CATALINA_BASE/logs/catalina.out \
    -errfile $CATALINA_BASE/logs/catalina.err \
    -Dcatalina.home=$CATALINA_HOME \
    -Dcatalina.base=$CATALINA_BASE \
    -Djava.util.logging.manager=org.apache.juli.ClassLoaderLogManager \
    -Djava.util.logging.config.file=$CATALINA_BASE/conf/logging.properties \
    org.apache.catalina.startup.Bootstrap

When running on Java 9 you will need to additionally specify the following when starting jsvc.

...
--add-opens=java.base/java.lang=ALL-UNNAMED \
--add-opens=java.base/java.io=ALL-UNNAMED \
--add-opens=java.base/java.util=ALL-UNNAMED \
--add-opens=java.base/java.util.concurrent=ALL-UNNAMED \
--add-opens=java.rmi/sun.rmi.transport=ALL-UNNAMED \
...

You may also need to specify -jvm server if the JVM defaults to using a server VM rather than a client VM. This has been observed on OSX.

jsvc has other useful parameters, such as -user which causes it to switch to another user after the daemon initialization is complete. This allows, for example, running Tomcat as a non privileged user while still being able to use privileged ports. Note that if you use this option and start Tomcat as root, you'll need to disable the org.apache.catalina.security.SecurityListener check that prevents Tomcat starting when running as root.

jsvc --help will return the full jsvc usage information. In particular, the -debug option is useful to debug issues running jsvc.

The file $CATALINA_HOME/bin/daemon.sh can be used as a template for starting Tomcat automatically at boot time from /etc/init.d with jsvc.

Note that the Commons-Daemon JAR file must be on your runtime classpath to run Tomcat in this manner. The Commons-Daemon JAR file is in the Class-Path entry of the bootstrap.jar manifest, but if you get a ClassNotFoundException or a NoClassDefFoundError for a Commons-Daemon class, add the Commons-Daemon JAR to the -cp argument when launching jsvc.